There is perhaps no better symbol of Nazi barbarism than the concentration camp. It was here that victims not only lost their political rights (freedom of movement, right to due process, etc.), but where they were often stripped of their very humanity through torture, murder and other sadistic acts. The camps, one could say, became a sort of hell on earth.

How did this happen? As the episode reveals, the camps were not initially intended to function this way; indeed, they were supposed to be a temporary solution encountered in building the Nazi dictatorship (a way to terrorize the Nazis' political opponents). But a combination of mission creep and the need for cheap labor drove their exponential growth, starting in the mid-1930s. With the outbreak of war in 1939 they became even more essential to the German economy, reaching a peak of about 700,000 inmates in Jan. 1945.

This partial patreon preview contains the introduction and the section on Nazi architecture and its relation to camp expansion. To hear the full story, which includes the initial construction of the camps in 1933, the institutionalization of camp practices under Theodore Eicke in the early 1930s, the role played by Himmler and Heydrich in renewing large scale arrests, the impact of World War II and finally the liberation of the camps from late 1944-mid-1945, check out our Patreon site where you can get full access to this and other episodes for as little as $2/month (patreon.com/historyoffthepage).

Finally, one piece of errata: around the 15:00 mark it sounds like I refer to "Ravensbrück" concentration camp as "Ravensburg." Its proper name is of course the former, not the latter.

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On Jan. 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler was named Chancellor of Germany. While this was certainly an important historical moment, it's worth noting that Hitler was not yet a dictator. He faced a number of legal and practical limitations on his power, and many contemporaries expected him to quickly fail. And yet, just five months later all other political parties - even those closely allied with the Nazis - no longer existed. This episode walks reader through the why and how of the story, discussing events such as the Reichstag Fire and the passage of the Enabling Act.

At the same time, it also comments on the nature of dictatorship, tragically noting how so many individuals and organizations in German society traded belief in the rule of law for promises of security and a return to normality. But as Benjamin Franklin once noted, "Those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety." As we'll see, many Germans would learn this lesson the hard way.

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On January 30, 1933, German President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler as the country's new Chancellor, the third attempt in less than a year to create a stable German government. The result of course was dictatorship, war and eventually genocide.

But was Hitler's appointment inevitable? For as historians such as Henry Ashby Turner have argued, on the immediate eve of his appointment Hitler's Nazi Party was broke and its electoral support was waning. Could Hindenburg have made other choices?

This episode walks us through the complicated political intrigues of the summer and winter of 1932-33, showing how the actions of ambitious and short-sighted men paved the way for Hitler's rise to power. At the center of the drama lie the politician Franz von Papen and General Kurt von Schleicher - men who viewed the political chaos of the early 1930s as a ladder for their own path to power. Of course, like many characters from the HBO show Game of Thrones, their misunderstandings would prove fatal.

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For more information on History Off the Page, check out our website www.historyoffthepage.com! Or you can support the show via Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/historyoffthepage?fan_landing=true.