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Louis-Charles Bourbon, or the Dauphin, never actually reigned, but became either a symbol of martyrdom or the object of one of the most successful acts of substitution ever performed. He enjoyed a charmed early childhood in the palace of Versailles, as the heir of the most powerful throne in Europe; when the French Revolution unfolded in all its horror, his family was incarcerated, and the orphaned boy-King had to endure the hostility and abuse of a nation.

At the climax of the French Revolution, King Louis XVI was executed by guillotine. When the young Louis XVII, Louis XVI's son, died in prison in June 1795, Louis XVIII succeeded his nephew as titular King. His reign was marked by exile, first because of the Revolution, and then of Napoleon, who set to conquer Europe and become Emperor of the French - before a coalition defeated him and restored Louis XVIII to the throne.

The Sun King's reputation still stands on his reign, rich in art and literature, his brilliant court and invincible armies. He was in power for 72 years, the longest reign of any monarch in European history; he made France the leading European power, set up the lavish palace of Versailles to be sure the rebellious nobility would always be before his eyes, and consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution.

Louis XI: this rebellious king was first called "The Prudent", in reference to his cunning ways, and then, "The Universal Spider" when it appeared that his ceaseless intrigues had turned into full-blown webs of plots and conspiracies. Learn how the Cunning King of France was able to eliminate his rebellious vassals, expand royal power, and strengthen the economic development of his country, all through the power of isolating treaties, precise timing, and intense diplomatic activities.

Louis Philippe (1773-1850) is France's first "constitutional monarch", having being properly elected by the National Assembly. He lived through the French Revolution, during which he saw his brother and sister-in-law, Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, guillotined by extreme revolutionaries. Then, Napoleon Bonaparte seized the throne, declared himself emperor, and began the conquest of Europe; after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, France welcomed Louis Philippe back as an elected King.

Henry IV of France, also known as the "Good King Henry", was King of France from 1589 to 1610. Born a Catholic but raised a Protestant, he barely escaped assassination in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, and later led Protestant forces against the royal army, before being called to the French succession upon the death of his cousin Henry III.

Before America joined World War I, a small group of Americans volunteered for the French Foreign Legion to help defeat the Central Powers. Historian David Hanna profiles seven of these volunteers: a poet, an artist, a boxer, a stunt pilot, a college student, a veteran of the Spanish American War, and an advertising executive. All seven men were united in courage; and some, like poet Alan Seeger, paid the ultimate sacrifice.

À la fin de l'an 1693, toute la France est en crise, dévastée par la famine et la corruption d'un absolutisme à la dérive. François de Salignac de la Mothe, dit Fénelon, est alors précepteur du petit-fils du Roi Soleil. Saisi de rage et d'effroi devant la situation catastrophique, il prend la plume pour interpeller le tout-puissant souverain dans un réquisitoire féroce. Sa violence étonnante et ses attaques frontales sont renforcées par un style irréprochable, qui fait de ce texte historique un chef-d'œuvre de l'histoire du pamphlet, et un manuel de gouvernance d'une clarté incomparable.

Comment un pauvre peintre raté, qui gagnait péniblement de quoi manger en vendant ses tableaux dans la rue, a-t-il pu prendre la tête d'une grande puissance européenne et galvaniser les foules jusqu'à l'impensable ? Comment a-t-il pu s'imposer à une élite politique cultivée jusqu'à transformer les détenteurs du pouvoir en brutes nazies ? De quelles armes celui qui n'était personne s'est-il servi pour devenir l'un des plus grands dictateurs de l'Histoire ?

Understand a crucial part of the history of French monarchy, with this collection of portraits of some of the most spectacular rulers of France. This catalog lists the kings named Louis, from Louis XIII the Just who stood up against political intrigues, to Louis XVIII who reigned during the Restauration of the French Monarchy after the fall of Emperor Napoleon. For each one of these Kings, you will find a detailed description of the style of his reign and his political achievements.

The History of France: from Louis II to Louis XVIII: Understand a crucial part of the history of French monarchy, with this collection of portraits of some of the most spectacular rulers of France. This catalog lists the kings named Louis, from Louis II (877-879), a king whose wisdom was greater than his authority, to Louis XVIII who reigned during the Restauration of the French Monarchy after the fall of Emperor Napoleon. For each one of these Kings, you will find a detailed description of the style of his reign and his political achievements.

Discover the fundamentals of the French republic with two essentials. "The French declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen" has been of tremendous influence on every democracy ever since; "La Marseillaise", which has been called "the greatest national anthem in the world", is a powerful and inspiring cry for battle and freedom. "The Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen" introduce the idea that human rights are a feature of human nature itself; it is the first time the rights of man were said to be universal, without distinction of race or religion. This was the idea used to create a nation of free individuals equally protected by law, and it is still the basis of many democracies today.

The challenges facing General Dwight Eisenhower before the Invasion of Normandy were not merely military, but political as well. He knew that to liberate France, and to hold it, the Allies needed local help, which would necessitate coordinating with the highly independent French resistance groups known collectively as the maquis. The Allies' objective was to push the Germans out of France. The French objective, on the other hand, was a France free of all foreign armies, including the Allies.

On October 2, 1918, Maj. Charles W. Whittlesey led the 77th Division in a successful attack on German defenses in the Argonne Forest of northeastern France. His unit, comprised of men of a wide mix of ethnic backgrounds from New York City and the western states, was not a battalion nor was it ever "lost", but once a newspaper editor applied the term "lost battalion" to the episode, it stuck.

La Seconde Guerre mondiale constitue la fracture métaphysique dans l'histoire de l'occident. La résistance est à la sublimation de l'individu ou au collectif d'individus ce que la shoah est à l'horreur humaine ou au crime contre l'humanité. La résistance deviendra la valeur salvatrice et sacralisée des familles et du pays, au détriment parfois de la recherche scientifique de la vérité. Depuis les années 50, des enseignants ont recueilli des témoignages en s'adressant aussi bien à des anonymes qu'à des acteurs incontournables.

"Paroles de Gueules Noires" est l'unique témoignage sonore de mineurs et de leurs femmes, pour que la mémoire d'un métier, d'une culture, d'une collectivité ne s'efface pas. Ces témoignages nous font entrer de plain-pied dans l'aventure humaine de la France industrielle du XXe siècle.

Depuis les années 50, des enseignants ont recueilli des témoignages en s'adressant aussi bien à des anonymes qu'à des acteurs incontournables. Ces enregistrements, morceaux d'histoires vécues, constituent une mémoire orale dont le caractère humain lui confère un statut de document historique vivant. Les auteurs et l'éditeur de cette publication n'ignorent pas qu'un témoignage ne peut être transformé en objet d'histoire qu'à la condition de le croiser avec d'autres informations et de le passer au crible de la critique.

In a riveting account of the dark days leading up to France's defeat and occupation, Martin reveals a great and civilized nation committing a kind of suicide in 1938. When the relative calm in the first quarter ends with Germany's invasion of Austria, France is faced with hard questions about its diplomatic and military posture, and the leftist political alliance called the Popular Front makes its last stand.

In the autumn of 1943, André Boulloche became de Gaulle's military delegate in Paris, coordinating all the Resistance movements in the nine northern regions of France only to be betrayed by one of his associates, arrested, wounded by the Gestapo, and taken prisoner. His sisters carried on the fight without him until the end of the war. André survived three concentration camps and later became a prominent French politician who devoted the rest of his life to reconciliation of France and Germany.

Louis XVI is one of the most famous kings of France, but for reasons he would have much rather avoided. Coming of age in the wake of the reign of the Sun King, Louis XIV, and his father, Louis XV, Louis XVI initially intended to be one of France's most enlightened kings. Instead, he was destined to be the only French king ever executed. Indeed, it is his death and his role in fomenting the French Revolution (along with his infamous queen, Marie Antoinette) that continue to play the central role in Louis XVI's legacy.