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This month Iran's clerical leaders and security forces spilled oceans of blood to suppress mass demonstrations after Iranians took to the streets to protest the regime's economic and political failings. Systematic violence has always been a tool utilized by the Islamic Republic to enforce obedience, but never in its history have Iran's leaders killed so many people in a short amount of time, if an estimated death toll of at least 10,000 — possibly 20,000 — is accurate. In this episode, historian Naghmeh Sohrabi examines the origins of a regime whose current government is desperately trying to hold onto power by killing thousands of its people.

Recommended reading:

These Are the True Things — Naghmeh Sohrabi's Substack about Iran/Middle East

How much longer can Iran's Islamic Republic survive? by Ali Ansari (New Statesman)

Iran's coming reckoning by Siamak Namazi (Middle East Institute)

Iran's ayatollah will fall — but the road may be long and deadly by Simon Sebag Montefiore (The Times of London)

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At the World Economic Forum in Davos, Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney said the rules-based order is being ruptured by powerful countries who prefer coercion over negotiation. The following day, as if on cue, President Donald Trump broadcast his obsession with acquiring Greenland, although he said he would not use force. In this episode, the Quincy Institute's Anatol Lieven discusses the potential dangers when the world's most powerful leader seems to believe preposterously false ideas, such as the imaginary threat posed to Greenland by Russia or China.

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Recommended reading:

Trump's new 'gangster' threats against Greenland cross line by Anatol Lieven (Responsible Statecraft)

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This is the first in an occasional series of episodes (one or two per month) marking the upcoming 250th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.

In January 1776, a pamphlet printed in Philadelphia became an instant sensation. Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" was a provocative attack on the British constitution and hereditary monarchy, and a call for American colonists to seek independence. In this episode, historian Lindsay Chervinsky, the executive director of Mount Vernon's George Washington Presidential Library, takes us back to the ideas and arguments that made a revolution.

Recommended reading:

To Make the World Again by Lindsay Chervinsky (Imperfect Union on Substack)

Common Sense (contextus.org)

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Greenland's geostrategic importance to the United States has been evident since the Second World War, when FDR sent U.S. forces to occupy the island and capture German weather stations on its eastern shore. After WWII, President Harry Truman, in secret, offered to buy Greenland from Denmark, but Denmark turned him down. As the Cold War froze in 1949, the two nations became official allies under the NATO treaty. Today, despite having access to Greenland under a 1951 agreement, President Donald Trump is threatening to seize it, claiming falsely that if Washington doesn't act, Russia and China will. Mikkel Olesen of the Danish Institute for International Studies tries to make sense of this madness.

Recommended reading:

The history of U.S. presence in Greenland by Mikkel Olesen

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Since U.S. forces snatched Nicolàs Maduro and hauled him to New York, Americans have been asking questions about Venezuela, especially after the Trump administration announced its plans to run the country's moribund oil industry. Are U.S. oil firms clamoring to exploit Venezuela's enormous petroleum reserves? Does the global market need more oil? In this episode, historian Giuliano Garavini of Roma Tre University explains it all. He's an expert on the Global South, energy, and natural resources.

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In the long history of U.S. intervention in Latin America, the name Jacobo Arbenz is forgotten in the United States. Not so in Guatemala, where the democratically elected leftist was toppled in a CIA-backed coup in 1954. Arbenz had angered United Fruit Company. More than 70 years before the U.S. abducted Nicolàs Maduro to seize control of Venezuela's oil, there was a coup over bananas. Historian Julia Young is our guest.

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President Donald Trump is hailing a new era of U.S. dominance and coercion over the Western Hemisphere, starting with his illegal invasion and oil grab in Venezuela. In his remarks following the abduction of Nicolàs Maduro, Trump mentioned the importance of the Monroe Doctrine before offering his own twist on it: the 'Donroe' Doctrine. Most Americans learn about President Monroe's 1823 policy in school and then rarely think about it again. Time for a refresher, with University of Missouri historian Jay Sexton, who specializes in the political and economic history of the nineteenth century.

Further reading:

Excerpts of the Monroe Doctrine (Gilder Lehrman Institute)

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Is Holocaust memory over? Genocide scholars Dirk Moses and Omar McDoom discuss whether elite political and media classes are cheapening the lessons of history by invoking the Holocaust to justify Israel's destruction of Gaza. The emotional issue has led to strife on college campuses, media shouting matches, and craven political cowardice as Palestinian society was pummelled.

Dirk Moses teaches history at City College of New York. Omar McDoom is a political scientist at the London School of Economics and Political Science.

Recommended reading:

Is Holocaust Memory Over? by Dirk Moses (The Diasporist)

It's Hamas' Fault, You're an Antisemite, and We Had No Choice: Techniques of Genocide Denial in Gaza by Omar McDoom (Journal of Genocide Research)

The Growing Rift Among Holocaust Scholars Over Israel/Palestine by Shira Klein (Journal of Genocide Research)

Introduction: Gaza and the Problems of Genocide Studies by Dirk Moses (Journal of Genocide Research)