Ergebnis Anbieter "SAGA EGMONT" in Politik & Sozialwissenschaften

Louis VI was a warrior king, but at the end of his reign, his weight had become so great that it had become difficult for him to lead in the field - hence his nickname "The Fat". He was a strong and competent ruler, who managed to considerably reinforce his power in the kingdom, and largely contributed to the subsequent centralization of authority in France. Learn about his soar to power, his struggles with the "robber barons", and his successes in alliances and coalitions.

The bar was high after the glorious reign of the Sun King. Louis XV, his successor, had a difficult time driving the country through religious disputes, intellectual shifts and economical hardness. This eventually led to a steep economic decline, which played an important role in the reaction of the French people against the monarchy, and eventually gave way to the French Revolution.

Louis-Charles Bourbon, or the Dauphin, never actually reigned, but became either a symbol of martyrdom or the object of one of the most successful acts of substitution ever performed. He enjoyed a charmed early childhood in the palace of Versailles, as the heir of the most powerful throne in Europe; when the French Revolution unfolded in all its horror, his family was incarcerated, and the orphaned boy-King had to endure the hostility and abuse of a nation.

At the climax of the French Revolution, King Louis XVI was executed by guillotine. When the young Louis XVII, Louis XVI's son, died in prison in June 1795, Louis XVIII succeeded his nephew as titular King. His reign was marked by exile, first because of the Revolution, and then of Napoleon, who set to conquer Europe and become Emperor of the French - before a coalition defeated him and restored Louis XVIII to the throne.

The Sun King's reputation still stands on his reign, rich in art and literature, his brilliant court and invincible armies. He was in power for 72 years, the longest reign of any monarch in European history; he made France the leading European power, set up the lavish palace of Versailles to be sure the rebellious nobility would always be before his eyes, and consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution.

Louis XI: this rebellious king was first called "The Prudent", in reference to his cunning ways, and then, "The Universal Spider" when it appeared that his ceaseless intrigues had turned into full-blown webs of plots and conspiracies. Learn how the Cunning King of France was able to eliminate his rebellious vassals, expand royal power, and strengthen the economic development of his country, all through the power of isolating treaties, precise timing, and intense diplomatic activities.

Louis Philippe (1773-1850) is France's first "constitutional monarch", having being properly elected by the National Assembly. He lived through the French Revolution, during which he saw his brother and sister-in-law, Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, guillotined by extreme revolutionaries. Then, Napoleon Bonaparte seized the throne, declared himself emperor, and began the conquest of Europe; after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, France welcomed Louis Philippe back as an elected King.

Henry IV of France, also known as the "Good King Henry", was King of France from 1589 to 1610. Born a Catholic but raised a Protestant, he barely escaped assassination in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, and later led Protestant forces against the royal army, before being called to the French succession upon the death of his cousin Henry III.

En mettant en scène son maître Socrate, Platon inaugure ce geste intellectuel primordial : s'interroger soi-même, pour mettre en évidence préjugés et erreurs, et comprendre ce qui fait véritablement la morale, la vie en société, la valeur d'une vie humaine. Sans cette interrogation honnête et lucide, il n'y aurait qu'à fonctionner mécaniquement, comme un robot qui ne sait pourquoi il avance.

Understand a crucial part of the history of French monarchy, with this collection of portraits of some of the most spectacular rulers of France. This catalog lists the kings named Louis, from Louis XIII the Just who stood up against political intrigues, to Louis XVIII who reigned during the Restauration of the French Monarchy after the fall of Emperor Napoleon. For each one of these Kings, you will find a detailed description of the style of his reign and his political achievements.

The History of France: from Louis II to Louis XVIII: Understand a crucial part of the history of French monarchy, with this collection of portraits of some of the most spectacular rulers of France. This catalog lists the kings named Louis, from Louis II (877-879), a king whose wisdom was greater than his authority, to Louis XVIII who reigned during the Restauration of the French Monarchy after the fall of Emperor Napoleon. For each one of these Kings, you will find a detailed description of the style of his reign and his political achievements.

Dans les dernières décennies de la République romaine, Marcus Tullius Cicéron se lance en politique pour briguer le consulat ; son frère Quintus lui apporte alors son expérience du terrain, et son livre est un véritable manuel pour une campagne électorale réussie, "L'art de gagner une élection". Le principe d'une campagne électorale n'a pas changé depuis : gagne celui qui s'assure le soutien des personnages influents et manipule subtilement la masse des électeurs.

"Philosophy in the Bedroom" ("La philosophie dans le boudoir") was written in 1795 by the Marquis de Sade, while imprisoned in the Bastille. It is a work of erotism, laced with socio-political subversion. The main characters are libertines, who decided to give a young maiden their own brand of sex education. They explain to her that pleasure is the most important goal of all, and then proceed with affirming that she will not be able to feel "true pleasure" without pain.

L'œuvre de Hegel est le sommet de la philosophie idéaliste allemande. Figure incontournable de l'Aufklärung (les Lumières), son influence a été décisive sur l'ensemble de la philosophie contemporaine. Hegel construit un système grandiose qui part de deux questions fondamentales : "Si Dieu existe, d'où vient le mal", et "Si la vérité est une, pourquoi les philosophes se contredisent-ils ?".

"Le Prince des philosophes" selon Deleuze, un "précurseur" selon Nietzsche ; d'après Hegel, "l'alternative est : Spinoza ou pas de philosophie". Penseur hollandais et figure incontournable de la philosophie, Spinoza a été pris à tort pour un auteur athée. En réalité, il critique les positions traditionalistes des religions révélées, pour proposer une religion traditionnelle. On dit de Spinoza que, victime d'une tentative d'assassinat, il aurait conservé le manteau troué par le poignard pour se rappeler que la passion religieuse mène à la folie.

Nicolas Machiavel, penseur humaniste de la Renaissance, a laissé derrière lui une légende noire. Le Prince, son œuvre la plus célèbre, donne des instructions claires et précises sur la façon d'obtenir et conserver le pouvoir, la fortune et la gloire, même si ce doit être aux dépens des autres. Pragmatique, il n'hésite pas à faire passer la fin recherchée au-dessus de tout principe moral abstrait, susceptible d'entraver l'action du prince ; le Prince est ainsi devenu un des ouvrages politiques les plus craints de l'histoire des idées.

Karl Marx, penseur révolutionnaire au sens propre. Ses travaux ont marqué l'Histoire et considérablement influencé le XXe siècle à travers le communisme. Sa pensée est toujours au cœur des luttes idéologiques contemporaines. Philosophe, il donne au prolétariat une doctrine, et érige la lutte des classes en système ; économiste, il analyse le capital et la marchandise ; politique, il fonde l'Internationale. Ces 100 citations vous familiariseront avec son œuvre, sa doctrine, et son style tranchant.

Lao-tsu (Laozi, Lao-tzu, ou Lao Tseu) est l'auteur du "Tao Te Ching" ("Livre de la Voie et de la Vertu"). C'est à lui qu'on doit le sens des équilibres yin et yang, le principe du non-agir, et l'idée du Tao, à l'origine de toutes choses. On prête à Lao Tsu des origines surnaturelles ; en tout cas, sa sagesse en a fait le père fondateur du taoïsme. Ce courant de pensée à l'importance centrale dans la pensée orientale se double d'une pratique quotidienne.

Socrate : une figure majeure, aux fondements de toute la philosophie occidentale ; une légende bizarre, qu'on ne connaît qu'à travers les récits des autres ; et surtout, un drôle de philosophe. Sa méthode est simple et directe : pour apprendre à l'autre à penser par lui-même, il faut questionner sans cesse, afin de mettre au jour les préjugés, présomptions et contradictions. L'autre est amené par un jeu de questions à découvrir lui-même son erreur, ce qui lui permet enfin d'accueillir la vérité.

Sun Tzu : un nom qui a traversé les siècles. Général, stratège, et philosophe, on lui doit le plus célèbre traité militaire de tous les temps : "l'Art de la Guerre". Sa pensée a inspiré les plus grandes figures militaires, du général au dictateur, mais aussi de nombreux domaines comme l'entreprenariat, la stratégie commerciale, le contrôle des foules ou la communication politique. Nous avons sélectionné 100 citations parmi les plus influentes et efficaces de l'Art de la Guerre.