vol.016：Charcoal：Forging Civilization
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vol.016：Charcoal：Forging Civilization
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The text provides a comprehensive analysis of the discovery, history, and scientific properties of charcoal, positioning it as a pivotal material in human civilization. It begins by examining archaeological evidence of charcoal use from the Paleolithic era across Africa, Europe, and Asia, highlighting sites like Kenya's Chesowanja and China's Zhoukoudian to track the evolution of human fire control. A major focus is placed on comparing the combustion characteristics of charcoal versus raw wood, emphasizing charcoal's superior performance, including its higher energy density (27-35 MJ/kg), significantly greater burning temperature (up to 1100°C+), and enhanced efficiency due to low moisture content. Crucially, the source explains that charcoal's high temperatures and strong reducing properties made it an essential and non-substitutable fuel for early metal smelting, driving the transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze and Iron Ages. Finally, the text explores charcoal’s various applications in cooking, heating, and modern industry, while also discussing the sustainability challenges related to its resource-intensive production.
