Tom Hardin, also known as Tipper X, was a rising Wall Street analyst when he traded on a few insider tips leading to the FBI knocking on his door. He decided to cooperate with the FBI, and became a key informant in Operation Perfect Hedge, the largest insider-trading investigation in U.S. history. He is also the author of the book, Wired on Wall Street.

In this episode we discuss the following:

• Tom’s experience reads like a case study in an ethics textbook. Tom felt like he was on the outside looking in. So when given an insider tip, he traded on it.
• When Tom’s boss looked the other way, while simultaneously applying pressure, Tom started rationalizing his behavior. After all, he was trying to be a good dad and husband, which made him feel like he had moral credits to spend on illegal trades.
• Once caught by the FBI, Tom turned his scars into service, contributing to an investigation that resulted in dozens of guilty pleas.
• Our ethical failures rarely come out of the blue, rather they are the predictable result of surrounding ourselves with the wrong people and making seemingly small ethical compromises.

Scott Kaufman is a psychologist, coach, professor, keynote speaker, and best-selling author. He is a professor of psychology at Columbia University and director of the Center for Human Potential. He also hosts The Psychology Podcast which has received over 30 million downloads and is widely considered among the top psychology podcasts in the world.

Scott’s writing has appeared in The Atlantic, Scientific American, Psychology Today, and Harvard Business Review, and he is the author and editor of 11 books. In his most recent book Rise Above: Overcome a Victim Mindset, Empower Yourself, and Realize Your Full Potential, he explores the limiting beliefs and widespread anxiety that puts people in boxes, lowers expectations, and holds them back.

In addition to teaching at Columbia, Scott has also been a professor at the University of Pennsylvania and NYU. Scott received a B.S. in psychology and human computer interaction from Carnegie Mellon, an M. Phil in experimental psychology from the University of Cambridge under a Gates Cambridge Scholarship, and a Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from Yale University.

In this episode we discuss the following:

• Scott’s definition of intelligence: the dynamic interplay of engagement and abilities in the pursuit of goals. When we give people a chance to go deep into an area that they love, over a long period of time, they can develop expertise and brain structures that can override some of our IQ limitations.
• The thing that surprised Scott most as he researched intelligence was just how predictive IQ is. Scott thought he was going to be on a vendetta against IQ but ended up falling in love with the science of IQ, intelligence, and the brain.
• Differences in ability are both natural and valuable, and recognizing them—rather than denying them—creates better paths for growth and contribution.
• Unlocking our potential requires intellectual honesty, patience, and environments that allow passion and skill to reinforce one another over time.