An early influential Christian of the late First century and early Second century, Saint Polycarp is regarded as a saint and Church Father in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, Lutheranism, and Protestant Anglicanism. He lived in an age after the deaths of the apostles, when a variety of interpretations of the sayings of Jesus were being preached. His role was to authenticate orthodox teachings through his connection with the beloved apostle John, one of the four gospel writers, and according to tradition the last of Jesus’ disciples to die and the only one of the original twelve who did not die a martyr.

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Audio credits: Saint of the Day podcast with Mike Roberts-St. Polycarp, episode 300, 23feb2024; Catholic Answers Live podcast with Jimmy Akin, episode 12149; The Saint of the Day podcast-St. Polycarp of Smyrna, 23feb2024; Saint of the Day DEACON: Holy Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-bearer, Bishop of Antioch (aka Catholic Saint Ignatius of Antioch) 20dec2025 (107); Traditional Catholic Daily Devotional, St. Polycarp, 26jan2026. Audio excerpts reproduced under a Creative Commons license and the Fair Use (Fair Dealings) Legal Doctrine for purposes such as criticism, comment, teaching, education, scholarship, research and news reporting.

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The Feast of the Chair of St. Peter is celebrated annually on February 22nd to honor a wooden throne, enclosed in a massive bronze reliquary designed by Bernini, located in St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City. Tradition claims the chair belonged to the Apostle Saint Peter, the leader of the Early Christians in Rome and first Pope, and which he used as Bishop of Rome in the 1st century A.D. The relic symbolizes the authority and mission of St. Peter as the first Pope and the teaching authority, or magisterium, of his successors.

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Audio credits: Catholic Saints & Feasts of the Liturgical Year-February 22-Chair of Saint Peter, Apostle—Feast (Feb. 20, 2025); Saint of the Day podcast with Mike Roberts — Feast Day Of The Chair Of Saint Peter (22feb2025), Covenant Network. Audio excerpts reproduced under a Creative Commons license and the Fair Use (Fair Dealings) Legal Doctrine for purposes such as criticism, comment, teaching, education, scholarship, research and news reporting.

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Readings from the Gospel of Mark 1:9-15 and the Gospel of Luke 4:1-15 and the Gospel of Matthew 4:1-11.

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Audio credits: Breathe Bible podcast (LifeAudio Podcast Network, Salem Web Network); Bible Audio narration: Book of Matthew (WordProject, International Biblical Association).. Audio excerpts reproduced under the Fair Use (Fair Dealings) Legal Doctrine for purposes such as criticism, comment, teaching, education, scholarship, research and news reporting.

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New Spain was a major seat of Spanish power and the source of its wealth in the early 1600s. This wealth made Spain the dominant power in Europe. Spain's silver mining and crown mints on the American continent created high quality coins known as the silver peso or Spanish dollar that became the currency of Spanish America and a widely used global currency.

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Who can be a Hero? How do we define a Hero? and is the Historical Jesus of Nazareth one? E175.

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Audio credits: BBC Radio: In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg and his guests Diane Purkiss, Fellow and Tutor at Keble College, Oxford; Mia Rodriguez-Salgado, Professor in International History at the London School of Economics; Nicholas Rodger, Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College at the University of Oxford. Audio excerpts reproduced under the Fair Use (Fair Dealings) Legal Doctrine for purposes such as criticism, comment, teaching, education, scholarship, research and news reporting.

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Lent is the solemn Christian religious observance in the liturgical year commemorating the 40 days Jesus of Nazareth spent fasting in the desert and enduring temptation by Satan, before beginning his public ministry, according to the synoptic Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke. Lent is observed in the Catholic Church, as well as many Protestant denominations, and also some nondenominational Christian churches. Ee80.

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Audio credits: The Catholic Talk Show podcast featuring Ryan DellaCrosse, Ryan Scheel, and Fr. Rich Pagano — Episode 25, 05mar2019: Fat Tuesday, Ash Wednesday, & Catholic Lenten Traditions. Audio excerpts reproduced under the Fair Use (Fair Dealings) Legal Doctrine for purposes such as criticism, comment, teaching, education, scholarship, research and news reporting.

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In Lent-observing Western Churches, Lent begins on Ash Wednesday and lasts 40 days, ending approximately six weeks later, depending on the Christian denomination and local custom. Ee79.

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Audio credits: The Catholic Talk Show podcast featuring Ryan DellaCrosse, Ryan Scheel, and Fr. Rich Pagano — Episode 25, 05mar2019: Fat Tuesday, Ash Wednesday, & Catholic Lenten Traditions. Audio excerpts reproduced under the Fair Use (Fair Dealings) Legal Doctrine for purposes such as criticism, comment, teaching, education, scholarship, research and news reporting.

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The STORY of AMERICA 🇺🇸 Learn about one of the most glorious Mesoamerican societies—the Aztec Empire. Enjoy this HISTORICAL JESUS Extra. E4.

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