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Dwarkesh Podcast

Dwarkesh Podcast

Von: Dwarkesh Patel
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 Deeply researched interviews

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  • Adam Marblestone – AI is missing something fundamental about the brain

    Adam Marblestone – AI is missing something fundamental about the brain
    Dec 30 2025
    Adam Marblestone is CEO of Convergent Research. He’s had a very interesting past life: he was a research scientist at Google Deepmind on their neuroscience team and has worked on everything from brain-computer interfaces to quantum computing to nanotech and even formal mathematics.In this episode, we discuss how the brain learns so much from so little, what the AI field can learn from neuroscience, and the answer to Ilya’s question: how does the genome encode abstract reward functions? Turns out, they’re all the same question.Watch on YouTube; read the transcript.Sponsors* Gemini 3 Pro recently helped me run an experiment to test multi-agent scaling: basically, if you have a fixed budget of compute, what is the optimal way to split it up across agents? Gemini was my colleague throughout the process — honestly, I couldn’t have investigated this question without it. Try Gemini 3 Pro today gemini.google.com* Labelbox helps you train agents to do economically-valuable, real-world tasks. Labelbox’s network of subject-matter experts ensures you get hyper-realistic RL environments, and their custom tooling lets you generate the highest-quality training data possible from those environments. Learn more at labelbox.com/dwarkeshTo sponsor a future episode, visit dwarkesh.com/advertise.Timestamps(00:00:00) – The brain’s secret sauce is the reward functions, not the architecture(00:22:20) – Amortized inference and what the genome actually stores(00:42:42) – Model-based vs model-free RL in the brain(00:50:31) – Is biological hardware a limitation or an advantage?(01:03:59) – Why a map of the human brain is important(01:23:28) – What value will automating math have?(01:38:18) – Architecture of the brainFurther readingIntro to Brain-Like-AGI Safety - Steven Byrnes’s theory of the learning vs steering subsystem; referenced throughout the episode.A Brief History of Intelligence - Great book by Max Bennett on connections between neuroscience and AIAdam’s blog, and Convergent Research’s blog on essential technologies.A Tutorial on Energy-Based Learning by Yann LeCunWhat Does It Mean to Understand a Neural Network? - Kording & LillicrapE11 Bio and their brain connectomics approachSam Gershman on what dopamine is doing in the brainGwern’s proposal on training models on the brain’s hidden states Get full access to Dwarkesh Podcast at www.dwarkesh.com/subscribe
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    1 Std. und 50 Min.
  • An audio version of my blog post, Thoughts on AI progress (Dec 2025)

    An audio version of my blog post, Thoughts on AI progress (Dec 2025)
    Dec 23 2025

    Read the essay here.

    Timestamps

    00:00:00 What are we scaling?

    00:03:11 The value of human labor

    00:05:04 Economic diffusion lag is cope00:06:34 Goal-post shifting is justified

    00:08:23 RL scaling

    00:09:18 Broadly deployed intelligence explosion



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    12 Min.
  • Sarah Paine – Why Russia Lost the Cold War

    Sarah Paine – Why Russia Lost the Cold War
    Dec 19 2025

    This is the final episode of the Sarah Paine lecture series, and it’s probably my favorite one. Sarah gives a “tour of the arguments” on what ultimately led to the Soviet Union’s collapse, diving into the role of the US, the Sino-Soviet border conflict, the oil bust, ethnic rebellions and even the Roman Catholic Church. As she points out, this is all particularly interesting as we find ourselves potentially at the beginning of another Cold War.

    As we wrap up this lecture series, I want to take a moment to thank Sarah for doing this with me. It has been such a pleasure.

    If you want more of her scholarship, I highly recommend checking out the books she’s written. You can find them here.

    Watch on YouTube; read the transcript.

    Sponsors

    * Labelbox can get you the training data you need, no matter the domain. Their Alignerr network includes the STEM PhDs and coding experts you’d expect, but it also has experienced cinematographers and talented voice actors to help train frontier video and audio models. Learn more at labelbox.com/dwarkesh.

    * Sardine doesn’t just assess customer risk for banking & retail. Their AI risk management platform is also extremely good at detecting fraudulent job applications, which I’ve found useful for my own hiring process. If you need help with hiring risk—or any other type of fraud prevention—go to sardine.ai/dwarkesh.

    * Gemini’s Nano Banana Pro helped us make many of the visuals in this episode. For example, we used it to turn dense tables into clear charts so that’d it be easier to quickly understand the trends that Sarah discusses. You can try Nano Banana Pro now in the Gemini app. Go to gemini.google.com.

    Timestamps

    (00:00:00) – Did Reagan single-handedly win the Cold War?

    (00:15:53) – Eastern Bloc uprisings & oil crisis

    (00:30:37) – Gorbachev’s mistakes

    (00:37:33) – German unification and NATO expansion

    (00:48:31) – The Gulf War and the Cold War endgame

    (00:56:10) – How central planning survived so long

    (01:14:46) – Sarah’s life in the USSR in 1988



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    1 Std. und 55 Min.
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