Surrendering to what lies beyond our control can be liberating.

Accepting our powerlessness before God can paradoxically be empowering.

The final verses of the Torah, which we read on Simchat Torah, describing the last days of Moshe's life, show us how.

Vezot Habracha, the final parsha of the Torah, ends with a startling lesson. Moshe Rabbeinu, the greatest leader of the Jewish People, stands at the edge of the Promised Land after forty years of leading his people towards it. He sees the land, but never enters it. And his death brings the Chumash to a close with one of his greatest missions still unfinished.

Drawing on Pirkei Avot, the Rambam, Rashi and Rav Eliyahu Dessler, Chief Rabbi Warren Goldstein shows why surrender before God is not a defeat. The Rambam notices something the Mishnah leaves off its list, and that omission reveals exactly where human power lies. Knowing what belongs to us and what belongs to God can become a source of real freedom.

Then the question goes further. What does success mean if you never finish the work? The last verse of the Torah names Moshe's greatest achievement, and Rashi's reading of it is the last thing anyone would expect. It changes the very meaning of success and failure.

• The Mishnah lists what happens to us against our will. What does it leave out, and why does so much depend on that omission?

• What would change if you stopped carrying the outcomes of your life as though they were yours to guarantee?

• How can the greatest leader who ever lived leave the central mission of his life unfinished?

• If it is not upon us to complete the work, what exactly is being asked of us?

• Why would the final verse of the Torah celebrate a moment that looks, on the surface, like Moshe's greatest failure?

Self-help is one of the most popular genres of books in the world. Walk into any bookstore and the shelves are weighed down with them. Self-development, personal growth, becoming your best self.

This series has been about self-development too. Pirkei Avot is the Torah of who a person can become, what we have been calling Torah bein adam l'atzmo. But the philosophy of self-development from a Torah perspective is very different from contemporary culture. The clue to understanding is in this week's parsha.

Ha'azinu holds 43 verses of poetry that carry the entire sweep of human history: creation, free will, the failures of the early generations, the emergence of Abraham and then of the Jewish people, our own drifting, and the long road to the end of history. It is called the Shirah, the song. The verse instructing us to write it down becomes the source for writing the whole Torah, which tells you that something at the heart of this parsha holds the essence of what Torah is.

It is also read every year in the days between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Rav Yisrael Salanter read the famous Gemara about the three books opened on Rosh Hashanah in an astounding way, and it answers a question the commentators have been asking for many centuries. How can the Gemara say the righteous are written immediately for life, when every one of us can name righteous people who died this year?

His answer reframes what the judgment of these days is asking of us. And it reveals a radically different way of understanding what self-development is actually for.

• Self-development is one of the biggest industries in the world. What does the Torah think it is actually for?

• How can working on yourself become the very thing that blocks your growth?

• In all the generations back to Sinai, not one let the chain break. What did that cost the people who carried it?

• The Gemara says the righteous are written immediately for life. What do we do with the righteous people who died this year?

• What changes if you are not the point of your own self-improvement?

What are we actually meant to be doing on Rosh Hashanah?

What are the goals of the day? What does an ideal Rosh Hashanah look like? What should be going through your mind when you are sitting in shul?

The answer to these questions can completely change your experience of Rosh Hashanah this year, and, even, transform your entire life.

Every Jewish festival has a clear objective. On Yom Kippur we repent and confess. On Pesach we remember the Exodus. On Sukkot we remember how God protected us in the desert. Each one takes a theme that matters all year round and gives it a specific time of complete focus.

Rosh Hashanah looks like the exception. We never mention sin. There is no explicit reference to repentance. We call it the Day of Judgment, but what does that ask of you when you are sitting in shul with the machzor open in front of you?

The key lies in one line of the Mishnah, which departs from its usual legal language and turns poetic. On Rosh Hashanah, all who pass through this world come before God one by one, in single file. Not as a congregation. Not as a family. Alone.

Drawing on Pirkei Avot, the Rambam, Rabbeinu Yonah and the Rema, Chief Rabbi Goldstein explores the mitzvah that lies at the heart of Rosh Hashanah and gives meaning to its judgment, its prayers, the shofar and the kingship of God.

We call these days the Yamim Noraim. Many people hear that as the days of dread. But the phrase is better understood as the Awesome Days. Understanding why can transform not only our experience of Rosh Hashanah, but the way we live throughout the year.

• Every other festival tells us exactly what to do. What is Rosh Hashanah actually asking of us?

• What does it mean to be judged on a day when we never once mention sin?

• We spend Rosh Hashanah surrounded by family and community. Why does the Mishnah describe us coming before God one by one?

• What does it really mean to call Rosh Hashanah one of the Yamim Noraim, the Days of Awe?

• Can two days of the year really change how a person lives the other 363 days?

Inner strength is needed to succeed in everything in life.

But how do we build the strength we need?

Avot gives us high-impact tactics for this. And more than that, it offers a profound understanding of the nature of life itself that can give us the strength we need to overcome all the obstacles in our path.

Courage is usually defined against fear. In the parsha of Vayelech it is defined against weakness, which makes courage a matter of strength. And that turns an abstract virtue into a practical problem. Where does a person actually get strength?

The parsha sits at a moment of handover. The forty years in the desert are ending, and Moshe is giving way to Yehoshua. A people who have had everything provided for them are about to enter a land they will have to fight for and then run themselves. Two words carry the whole transition, stated three times here and repeated another four more at the opening of the book of Joshua. Chazak ve'ematz.

In our lives, the stakes are more ordinary rather than epic. We set out to build families, earn a living, become the people we want to be, and we meet resistance we did not expect. Resistance from other people, from circumstances, and from our own character.

Drawing on Pirkei Avot, the Malbim, Rashi and the Maharal, Chief Rabbi Warren Goldstein works through the practical answers to dealing with fear and anxiety, and then deeper to what the Mishnah says about the nature of this world.

• If courage is the opposite of weakness rather than the opposite of fear, what have we been calling courage all this time?

• We are told to be strong. What use is that instruction to someone who does not feel strong?

• Which is harder to stand against, the people in your way or the parts of yourself that are?

• The soul, before it enters this world, meets no obstacles and no friction at all. Why is that not the better arrangement?

• What would change if the resistance in your life turned out to be the point of it?

Understanding that feelings of guilt come from the depth of the soul, can empower us to transform the discomfort they bring into a catalyst for personal change and new beginnings.

This understanding comes from understanding the deeper meaning of teshuva, which is often mistranslated as repentance. Repentance comes from the Latin for penitence, meaning remorse and regret. The same root gives us penitentiary. A prison. Time served for what you have done.

That is not what teshuva means. Teshuva means return. During Elul, the month of teshuva, we are then faced with a difficult question: if teshuva is return, what is it we are returning to?

The distinction is not just semantic. It changes what a person is actually being asked to do at this time of year, and what they are being asked to believe about themselves.

The parsha of Nitzavim is read every year in the days before Rosh Hashanah. Drawing on this parsha, Pirkei Avot, the Ramban, the Rambam and others, Chief Rabbi Warren Goldstein follows that question from guilt through to redemption, and asks what the discomfort has been trying to tell us all along.

• Guilt tells us something is wrong. Why can't it tell us what is right?

• Is the wrong a person has done evidence of who they are, or evidence of the distance they have travelled from it?

• If our deepest nature is already good, why would we need commandments at all?

• If the mitzvot express who we already are, why do they so often feel like rules imposed from outside?

What does it mean to be spiritually healthy?

The Rambam was a physician as well as one of our greatest sages. In his introduction to Pirkei Avot, he draws a remarkable parallel between the health of the body and the health of the soul, describing the sages themselves as "doctors of the soul."

But spiritual illness presents a unique problem. When something distorts our character or the way we see the world, it can also distort our ability to recognise that anything is wrong.

In this next part of our journey through Pirkei Avot, The Chief explores what it means for the soul to function as it was created to function, why we may need help seeing what we cannot see for ourselves, and how Avot offers us a path back to spiritual health.

Drawing on the Rambam and the great commentators on Avot, we discover a vision of spiritual health that reaches from our character and the way we see the world, to the very heights of what a human being can become.

KEY QUESTIONS

• If spiritual illness can distort our ability to recognise it, how do we know when something is wrong?

• We accept that the body sometimes needs a doctor. Why do we assume the soul does not?

• Anger, arrogance and envy are usually treated as faults. What changes if we understand them as symptoms?

• Is there a connection between becoming a better person and becoming a calmer one?

• The Mishnah says that the human being is created in God's image. The Sforno reads that not simply as a description, but as an instruction. What is it asking of us?

Over the course of this journey through Pirkei Avot, we have been piecing together its vision of the human being: how we think, the character we develop, the choices we make, and the responsibility we take for the world around us.

In Part 6, those pieces come together around one of life's most fundamental questions:

What does it actually mean to succeed?

We naturally measure a life by what someone accomplished. And as Jews, we might assume the answer is even clearer: learn Torah, fulfil the mitzvot, live according to halacha.

But Pirkei Avot makes a startling claim. All of that is indispensable — and yet it is possible to do everything required of us and still miss something essential.

Drawing on the Rambam, Ramban, Maharal, Netziv and the great commentators on Avot, I explore what the Rambam calls hatzlacha amitit — true success — and why the ultimate measure of a life may lie somewhere deeper than a checklist of what we have done.

Because at the end of the journey stands another question entirely:

Who did we become?

KEY QUESTIONS

• What does it actually mean to live a successful life?

• Can a person fulfil all 613 mitzvot and still somehow miss the purpose?

• Why are Torah and mitzvot necessary, but not the final measure of who we become?

• What does Pirkei Avot mean by shleimut — the completeness of the human being?

• At the end of a life, should success be measured by what we did or by who we became?

In this episode the journey we have been on together over this series takes an unexpected twist. It turns out that Avot is not only about who we become.

It is also about leadership. And it changes what that means for each of us in a way that makes it relevant for how we live every day.

One of the most famous lines in Pirkei Avot is Hillel's question: if I am only for myself, what am I? Many of us think of who we are as something fixed. A fixed size, a fixed list of people who count as ours. Hillel's question doesn't accept that. It asks how far the boundary of "I" can actually move.

Drawing on the Rambam, Rav Shimon Shkop, and the opening chapters of Pirkei Avot, we begin to uncover a new concept, and it is one that changes the meaning of personal development itself.

Perhaps becoming the person you're meant to be was never an inward journey alone.

KEY QUESTIONS

· When you say "I," who are you actually talking about? Your body? Your family? Your people? Something wider still?

· If you are only for yourself, what are you?

· Is your sense of identity fixed, or is it something that can actually grow?

· Can personal growth ever be complete?

· What does it mean if the highest form of Kiddush Hashem required no words at all?