In November 1880 an engineer walked a private dam in the mountains above Johnstown, Pennsylvania, and reported "two serious elements of danger". The club that owned it, a fishing and hunting club of wealthy Pittsburgh men, replied that the town was "in no danger from our enterprise". Nine years later, on 31 May 1889, after the wettest May on record, the dam failed, and a lake more than two miles long went down the valley in about an hour. More than 2,200 people died.

This is the Johnstown Flood told from the record: how a state canal reservoir became a private club's lake, the warnings in writing, the morning on the dam, the telegraph messages that went down the valley, the fourteen miles the water travelled, the relief that followed, and the question that has never gone away. It was not simply a natural disaster: the rain was real and extreme, but the dam was private, altered and warned about, and no court ever held its owners liable. We look at what the coroners, the 1891 engineers, a 2016 study and four lawsuits actually found.

About two hours long, narrated slowly enough to fall asleep to or listen to closely.

Chapters
0:00 Cold Open: A Seat at the Table
4:53 The Valley
12:22 The State's Dam
19:48 The Club
29:25 Crying Wolf
37:21 The Wettest May
43:39 The Morning on the Dam
52:30 The Wires
1:00:42 A Little Before Three
1:08:02 Fourteen Miles
1:16:49 Ten Minutes
1:26:19 The Stone Bridge
1:31:55 Five Months
1:41:43 What the Record Says
1:54:35 The Bridge Still Stands

Watch the illustrated version, with real archive photographs: https://youtu.be/xknSypoiHrg

Sources are listed in the YouTube description. Narration uses an AI voice.

A little after noon, in the late summer or autumn of the year 79, a woman on a terrace thirty kilometres from Vesuvius pointed out a cloud shaped like a pine tree. Her brother, the admiral Pliny the Elder, ordered a galley to go and look. By the next morning he was dead on a beach, two Roman towns were gone, and her seventeen-year-old son had led her out of a darkness he later described as that "of a room when it is shut up, and all the lights put out."

This is the eruption told hour by hour, in Roman time, from the only eyewitness account that survives (the two letters Pliny the Younger wrote to Tacitus) and from the volcanologists who have read the layers of pumice and ash as a clock. It follows the first day from the cloud to midnight, then the second morning in two towns: Herculaneum, overwhelmed by a hot current at about one in the morning, and Pompeii, where about eighteen hours of falling pumice ended with a current that lasted around seventeen minutes.

Then it turns to the record. How Fiorelli's plaster casts were made, and what a 2024 DNA study did to the stories told about them. Why the date of the eruption, fixed at 24 August for centuries, is now an open question. And the myths: it wasn't lava, most of the people escaped, and nobody died in an instant "frozen in time."

About two hours long, narrated slowly enough to fall asleep to or listen to closely.

Chapters
0:00 Cold Open: The Seventh Hour
4:01 A Town Mid-Repair
11:57 The Admiral and the Boy
18:44 The Mountain
25:57 The Seventh Hour: The Cloud
31:51 The Eighth Hour: Pumice
38:41 The Tenth Hour: Fortune Favours the Brave
45:26 Night: The Burning of the Villages
51:36 Midnight: Roofs
57:37 About One in the Morning: Herculaneum
1:06:16 The First Hour: Dawn Without Light
1:13:08 About Seven: Pompeii
1:21:38 About Eight: The Edge of the Cloud
1:30:33 The Casts
1:39:43 What the Record Says: The Date, and the Rest
1:50:05 Civita

Watch the illustrated version, with real archive photographs: https://youtu.be/oHPSQPQJ3FQ

Sources are listed in the YouTube description. Narration uses an AI voice.

Just after midnight on 15 April 1912, an officer of the steamer Californian, stopped in field ice in the North Atlantic, put the sleeping wireless operator's headphones to his ear for a few seconds, heard nothing, and put them down. At about that minute the Titanic's first call for help was going out. Within the hour, her officers began watching eight white rockets rise above a distant steamer, and nobody woke the operator. Fifty-eight miles away, another young operator on another ship had not yet gone to bed. His ship, the Carpathia, turned at once and ran through the ice in the dark.

This is the night of the Titanic told from the two other ships: the one that saw the rockets and the one that came. It follows both bridges hour by hour, from the testimony their own officers gave under oath in Washington and London in 1912, then the two inquiries, Captain Lord's lifelong fight to clear his name, and the 1992 official reappraisal that still could not agree how far away the Californian was. Was she really ten miles away? Did she hear the SOS? Did the Carpathia break a speed record? We weigh each story against the record, fairly, because, as the 1992 report put it, there are no villains in this story.

About two hours long, narrated slowly enough to fall asleep to or listen to closely. The night aboard the Titanic herself is told in episode 2 of this series.

A note on sensitive content: about 1,500 people died in the sinking. Deaths are stated plainly and briefly and are never shown.

Chapters
0:00 Cold Open: Fifteen Seconds
3:53 One Man, One Set
12:09 Field Ice
19:50 "Keep Out"
26:59 The Steamer to the South
35:14 Coat Off
43:34 The Orders
52:15 Eight White Rockets
1:02:27 Through the Ice
1:11:22 Dawn
1:20:37 The Other Ships
1:26:52 Four Days to New York
1:34:25 Two Inquiries
1:44:38 What the Record Says
1:54:26 Every Ship Listens

Watch the illustrated version, with real archive photographs: https://youtu.be/J6GTu9inhqk

Sources are listed in the YouTube description. Narration uses an AI voice.